Answe qustions in ethics policy adminstration Essay - 1

Answe qustions in morals strategy adminstration - Essay Example I am likewise required to guarantee that they are educated regarding all the right strategies and about any misappropriation of authentic obligations My duties to my subordinates incorporates dispersal of data with respect to work worldview, moral contemplations, rules and guidelines and anticipated result. They are relied upon to follow the characterized forms and guarantee that work is done inside the cutoff time. I have enormous obligations to the open who help to pay our pay rates. My duties are to guarantee open divulgence of our budgetary records and advance straightforwardness in our work with the goal that open knows how the work is practiced in various territories of open interests. Above all, open is qualified for know about its own obligations and in this way it is additionally essential to make mindfulness among the individuals with respect to how they can turn out to be progressively dynamic proactive members in formative works and socially pertinent issues. (words:

just wait Essay

simply hold up Essay simply hold up Essay Simply Wait such huge numbers of our little youngsters are having babies when they’re just infants themselves. Youngsters don't understand the results of bringing a real existence into this world. There are such a large number of obligations and hardships to having a child that our youngsters don't understand till it’s past the point of no return. TV and online networking make having an infant look fun and simple, yet in all actuality there is significantly more to it. They don't uncover the evening time renewals, crying, cleaning obligations, and the various troublesome obligations that accompany having a child. Sure children are adorable and adorable, yet they are disobediently an obligation regarding adulthood. Children’s little bodies are simply not prepared to birth a kid when they are that youthful. There body isn't finished developing and it is simply not beneficial to get your body through such injury. Women’s hips are not spread and her body isn't sufficiently grown to birth a youngster. In 2011 329, 797 infants were conceived from youngsters; live births in America have gone down 8 percent from 2010. Just 50 percent of teenager mothers finish secondary school, and 90 percent of youngsters under 16 years won't finish. Youngster guardians are additionally less inclined to attend a university which diminishes their activity rates and makes your salary low. You can't give your infant all you need to give when you’re not monetarily steady, it is more rationale to pause and become stable before adding an extraordinary cost to your spending plan. Fathers of infants are less inclined to be required as a high schooler. Young men development level is a lot of lower than young ladies, and they are not compelled to remain and convey the child like the young ladies. So not exclusively do teenager mothers need to bring up a youngster and take on a gigantic

I can tell that we are gonna be friends (part 1)

I can tell that we are gonna be friends (part 1) Soremember that time, way back at the end of first semester, when I went to take my 8.012 final exam and had a sort-of-awkward encounter with Alan Guth? If you dont, quick synopsis: my section hadnt received our exams when the test started, so (all stressed out) I ran up to a random proctor and explained the situation; he suggested that I was in the wrong building, which irked me (in the wrong building for my first final exam at MIT? please.) and I informed him that um, yes. 8.012 is DEFINITELY in this building, and we DEFINITELY do not have exams. Ten seconds later, I realized that the random proctor looked familiar because he was the father of the inflationary theory of the universe and figured, in a stunned daze, that this would be the closest I would get to a one-on-one conversation with him. Apparently not. Fast forward to a couple of weeks ago, when I was staying at my friend Daniels house in New Jersey. I opened my computer, and found an e-mail that read: Professor Alan Guth has agreed to serve as your advisor. Please use him as a resource for helping you make the most of your time at MIT, and for working towards completion of your Physics degree. Please do stop by and see your advisor on registration day. I shrieked and slammed my computer shut. I sheepishly opened it up again, re-read the e-mail, and confirmed that it still said Alan Guth. At the bottom of the e-mail, Professor Guths e-mail address, fax number, phone number, office number, and home address* were listed. *That part is a lie. I do not actually have Alan Guths home address. However, its worth mentioning that for a number of people here, office number and home address are not entirely distinct. At this point, Ill take a little detour and explain the student side of how advisors are assigned, at least in the physics department. I had to send in a form and indicate: 1) Whether Im more interested in experimental or theoretical physics (or whether Im not sure yet/have no strong preference) 2) Whether I have an interest in astrophysics, and/or atomic and optical physics, and/or biophysics, and/or condensed matter physics, and/or particle physics, and/or plasma physics, and/or other, or am not sure yet/have no strong preference. 3) What advice I hope to receive from my advisor (ex. course requirements, how to plan a career in physics, finding a UROP) I honestly dont remember what I put, but I do know that I specified an interest in astrophysics, which is probably a large part of the reason I was assigned Alan Guth. Anyway, detour over. My immediate response to the message from the physics department was to e-mail my mom. I quote: OH MY GOD. I JUST GOT AN E-MAIL FROM THE PHYSICS DEPARTMENT. ALAN GUTH IS MY ADVISOR. I. AM. FREAKING. OUT. I sprinted downstairs, came to a screeching halt 2 millimeters from the screen door (phew), flung it open, and waved my hands in the air like a crazy person. Daniels mom: Shes excited about something! Affirmative. I spewed exclamations (no idea if they were even words) for a couple of minutes, before Daniel interrupted with: do you think hell remember you as the girl who yelled at him at the 8.012 final? Correction. I did not yell at Alan Guth. I just firmly requested that I receive my exam paper. Another friend responded to my news with Hell yeah. Downside is, he might be too busy to advise (?) I admit that the thought had crossed my mind lurking somewhere beneath the this is the greatest thing ever! I began having second thoughts. Lets be honest: Alan Guth is probably a very busy man. According to his faculty page, he has explored the question of whether it is in principle possible to ignite inflation in a hypothetical laboratory, thereby creating a new universe and Im going to ask him to take the time to explore, with me, the question of whether it is in principle possible to major in physics, fulfill pre-med requirements, do UROPs in observatories and labs, then go on to medical school and become a neurologist. In one very-not-hypothetical lifetime. Hes unravelling the fabric of the cosmos, and Im going to walk into his office and unravel into a babbling incoherent mess about how I think everything is interesting and dont know what to do with my life and can barely decide what flavor of ice cream to get, let alone pick classes. Uhright. What if thats just an annoying chore for him, to do along with his *actual, world-changing* work? I expressed my concern to a couple of physics upperclassmen earlier this week, when we were sitting in a room grading the 8.01 Advanced Standing Examination. Me: Sodoes anyone here have Alan Guth as an advisor? *Silence* Random Girl: Wait, WHAT? GUTH? Dude. GUTH IS THE MAN. Me: is he? Random Girl: YES. GUUUUUTH! Me: Random Guy: I took a class with him. Me: Is he nice? Random Guy: Oh, yeah. Hes a really nice guy. Really friendly. Random Girl: Yes! Hes SO nice, and really helpful! GUTH IS THE MAN! That was a huge relief to hear. I guess I wont know any of this for sure until the school year begins and I actually begin meeting with him but I have hope. Earlier today, I got an e-mail from Alan about our first advising meeting. He signed the e-mail Alan. Eek.  Maybe Ill waltz in on Sept 6 and say ALAN! Hello, Alan. Can I call you Al? On second thoughts, maybe I wont, because he might not catch my reference to the movie Aladdin. Apologies for all the fangirlism, but Im really excited.

School Safety, Police Response, And Cell Phones Usage...

As I read through Columbine by Dave Cullen, there were many aspects of this tragedy that made me feel sad, frustrated and angry about the events that led up to and occurred on that day. Columbine is something you have heard about, read articles about and seen how it has changed the public school systems since that tragic day occurred. You do not realize the true impact that day had until you read this book. It gives you a true prospective on the importance of school safety, police response, media response and cell phones usage during a crisis. Organizing to write this paper, it was hard to gather all my thoughts and keep my emotions in check when describing how the book made me feel. The first thing that struck me was how emergency response teams were not prepared for Columbine because it was one of the first major shootings with the involvement of cell phones in schools. It was amazing the number of phone calls that were generated into 911 centers because of students having cell phones many students gave up calling 911 and started to call the local media. I hope now we are prepared for the amount of information that comes into a center because of the increase of social media and cell phones, but it opened my eye on how that was one of the first shootings that a specific call center had to deal with such volume. I was amazed at the mass confusing it caused media, firefighters, parents and law enforcement. It was very upsetting to read â€Å"outside it was mayhem: choppersShow MoreRelatedCoffee and Crisis Management Team21317 Words   |  86 PagesCoffee Company Crisis Case - Part I Dr. Phillip G. 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A Brief Literature Review of Qualitative Research Free Essays

string(154) " authoritative publications of the Oregon State Occupational Safety and Safety Administration for first hand information on the industries of his choice\." The application of qualitative research to social science studies has received mixed reviews. Some social scientists subscribe wholeheartedly to the use of qualitative research as a counterpoise to the traditional quantitative research methodology, which has been the vogue in social science research. Other social scientists however question the application of qualitative research to social science studies. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief Literature Review of Qualitative Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some reviewers, for example, question the appropriateness in retrospective evaluation of programs of programs in organizational change (Blackler and Brown, 1983, p.  349). Other reviewers of the same research argue that good qualitative evaluation â€Å"entails close and continuous involvement with the process of change. † Blacker and Brown employed qualitative research methodology in their study of retrospective evaluation of programs of organizational change. They concluded that â€Å"unlike some natural science paradigms, competing paradigms should not be thought of as mutually exclusive† in application of qualitative research in social science. (Blacker and Brown, ibid) Crawford titled his paper ‘Putting money in research pays: How companies large and small – benefit from research plans’. In it he discussed the advantages gained by business enterprises in the United States of America through both quantitative and qualitative research. (Crawford 2006). Dale in his study: ‘Partnering with management to implement ergonomics in the industrial workplace’, concluded that for implementation of any research to be effective in changing workers’ attitude, there must be effective collaboration between the researcher and the management of the industrial establishment. (Dale, 2004). Harris in his article entitled: ‘Business to Business comes of age in qualitative research’, highlights the use of modern information technology in advancing the frontier of qualitative research in business and industry. It is Harris’s opinion that use of such technology as teleconferencing will not only ensure objectivity in data collection, but can allow the researcher to administer his protocol to large respondents at the same time. (Harris, 1995) The role of qualitative methodology in ergonomics is discussed by Hignett in his paper ’Theoretical Issues to Ergonomics Science’ Here, a four stage sampling method of qualitative research was used in the interview of academics and management practitioners to gain their views on all areas of ergonomics. (Hignett and Wilson, 2004). Karami, Rowley and Analoni studied some research methodologies used in generating knowledge for management through research. They concluded that whereas earlier research was skewed in favor of quantitative methodology, present day studies tend to favor qualitative research methods. (Karami et al 2006). McPhee employed a qualitative research approach to his study of the organizational behavior of business practice in Europe. He concluded that although until recently, the pyramidical hierarchy structure was the norm in organizational framework of European companies, globalization of the world economy has forced many European firms to employ qualitative research in their transition to a more democratic organizational arrangement (McPhee, 2002). Russell in his paper titled ‘Dangerous Intersections’ x-rays the use of qualitative research as a tool in the campaign sponsored by an insurance company. The thrust of the campaign was on awareness, education and safety promotion within the United States. (Russell, F. 2002). Yates in his paper drew attention to the opportunities which practitioners in business communications now have to shift emphasis away from quantitative methods to qualitative methodology in their research. (Yates, J. 1993). This brief literature review leads us to the analysis of the qualitative research methodology employed by Maximillian Brown in his dissertation titled: ‘Trust, Power and Work place democracy: Safety and Health Works Councils in Oregon’. Description of Methodology: In analyzing the qualitative research methodologies used in ‘The Brown Dissertation’ salient aspects of each methodology will be highlighted. The sum total of the evaluation of the ‘Brown Dissertation’ will reflect the contributions of all the different paradigms to the overall results of the qualitative research. The following are the research methods employed by Brown for his case studies. †¢ Preliminary contacts with employees and management in of target firms selected for his studies in the summer of 2002. †¢ Actual interviews took place in Fall 2002. †¢ Designing of research project. †¢ Gaining access to the worksites †¢ Process of actual interviews. Preparation for Field Work In order to become familiar with the environment of his research, Brown became an insider of the work stations. Brown used his membership of the Safety Committee in his university, and participated actively in its programs in order to gain first hand information on the philosophy underlying the Safety Committee operations. Moreover, in order to have a comprehensive knowledge of the safety operations in his university, he sought and obtained permission to attend meetings of those safety subcommittees in which he was not a member. Furthermore, brown received training conducted by the State of Oregon in safety committee operations. By his own admission, Brown’s experiences as a member and active participant in safety committee meetings strongly influenced his research design and the process of conducting interviews with his subjects. The oral questions put to his subjects were structured along the lines of his experience as a participant rather than an outsider. Being an insider conferred on him certain advantages which he utilized in preparation of his research protocols. Brown was able to ask questions which were directed at specific areas of operation of the safety councils; which an outsider might not be privy to. Brown also gained leverage on his subjects by being knowledgeable about their schedule of duties. More so, Brown’s membership of a university committee whose functions are similar to those of the subjects of his enquiry influenced his tailoring his questions to more specific subject matters which an outsider will not be aware of. Brown’s research protocols were gleaned from Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers book with the title: ‘What Workers want’ which was published in 1999. Furthermore, Brown had gained prior and valuable hands-on experience of the workings of the industries in which he was to later conduct his qualitative research. After choosing two very different industries in which he wanted to conduct his research, Brown set out to get a working knowledge of these industries. He relied heavily on authoritative publications of the Oregon State Occupational Safety and Safety Administration for first hand information on the industries of his choice. You read "A Brief Literature Review of Qualitative Research" in category "Free Research Paper Samples" These publications complemented his own practical experience in one of the industries; while filling the gaps in his knowledge of the other. With these preparations, Brown was thus able to formulate intelligent questions for his target interviewees. Brown acknowledged the obvious fact that an outsider cannot know as much about a factory as those who work in the place. As an icing on his cake, the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) assisted Brown to select target factories relevant to his research. Visits to Target Factories Brown approached his target audience in three stages. He first made preliminary visits to the factories in order to get himself familiar with the people and places where he was to conduct his research. His initial visit to each of the two factories afforded Brown the opportunity to conduct background checks on the facilities available in the factories. Some of the background information he had earlier obtained from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration website came in handy during his preliminary visits. From OSHA website he had obtain vital statistics about each factory. These included the number of employees in each factory, products manufactured, and the mission statement of each organization on their safety and health programs. The next stage of his approach was to make a preparatory visit to each factory. He was able to obtain a tour of each factory. He also used the opportunity of the preparatory visit to collect in-house documents which came in handy to him while preparing his research protocols. These documents included minutes of committee meetings, training materials, and other records germane to his investigations. Brown’s subsequent visits represented the third and last phase of his plan. This was the stage at which he conducted open-ended interviews to representatives of both management and labor in the premises of the two factories earlier chosen. Equal numbers of representatives of labor and management were interviewed. The interviews were conducted in private. The identities of those interviewed were kept confidential as per university policies on such matters. After explaining the purpose of the research project to the subjects, their written consent was individually obtained before the interview started. Since his project was targeted at the safety policies and practices in the selected factories, only members of the safety committees were interviewed. The interviews which were conducted in a free and friendly manner, employed the ‘active interview’ format designed by Holstein and Gubrium. (Holstein and Gubrium, 1995). In this interview approach, subjects were asked questions which had been prepared in form of a protocol. At the onset, subjects were asked general questions pertaining to their working experiences at the factory. Subjects were also asked questions of personal interest to the respondents with respect to the issue central to the research This phase formed the preliminary stage as formulated by Holstein and Gubrium. The next set of questions centered on the perception of the respondents regarding the effectiveness of the program of the committee in which they were members. The subjects were asked of the perception of their fellow workers on their election or selection into the committee. This formed the overview question stage of the interview. The next stage of the interview centered on training. The respondents were asked to assess the depth and relevance of the training which they received towards performance of their duties as committee members. Questions on the perceived quality of the content of their training, the methods of dissemination of information and the net change effect of the training on the participants, concluded the set of questions on training. The next set of questions for the subjects, centered on the meetings of the committee. Subjects were asked to analyze the interpersonal relations among members of the committee, the atmosphere of the meetings; the procedures adopted during the meetings and the dissemination of information to members before and after each meeting. The last set of specific questions put to the subjects was on the authority granted the committee by management, and the influence of the committee on management. They were questioned on how they communicated the decisions arrived at their meetings to management, and the effect of their recommendations on management policies. Subjects were also asked to give their views on the industrial atmosphere of their work place, and specifically on the labor and management relations; whether they were cordial, or if there were unresolved issues dividing the two parties. Finally, subjects were asked whether they felt a sense of power by their membership of the committee. Evaluation of Brown’s Qualitative Research Methodology The methodologies applied by Brown in his dissertation are identifiable and well structured. They follow the pattern of a well organized qualitative research project. Preliminary work was done in two main areas. Relevant literature was searched and the context applied as and when necessary, as per specifications in the original publication. For example, the method of interview was patterned after the universally accepted standard procedure of Holstein and Gubrium termed:†Active Interviews† (Holstein and Gubrium,1995). The use of ‘Active Interviews’ by Brown was appropriate to the qualitative research design in his case study. A lot of preliminary work was done by Brown, in order to identify firms at which to carry out his research study. Background studies were first carried out on these companies. Where the researcher felt that he had insufficient experience and inadequate knowledge and information, necessary recourse was made to authoritative state government publications on the subject of his research. Initial visits to the premises of the firms under study, were made by Brown. He got himself familiarized with both the staff and the environment of the factories where he planned to administer his qualitative research protocol. Those initial visits afforded him the opportunity to interact with representatives of both labor and management. The visits also afforded him the chance to obtain their consent and cooperation. Brown prepared his interview protocols in two similar sets, one for employees and the other for managements of the firms under study. The research protocols were well structured in such a way as to first put general questions to his subjects. From the responses elicited from the respondents, more specific questions relevant to the subject matter of the study were then put to the subjects. This pattern of questioning is in line with the Holstein and Gubium process of ‘active interviews’. Maximillian Brown’s success in putting his subjects at ease at this initial stage, helped him to take the interview to a less formal and friendlier conversational atmosphere. Subsequent pieces of information obtained from the respondents were then given freely and honestly without pressure. Brown’s approach evidently made for more reliable and truthful answers to the interviewer’s questions. With the active cooperation of the subjects, Brown was able to plumb the depths of the activities of the safety committees under study, to arrive at a more reliable assessment of their functions, and the perceptions of members of the committee on the relevance and importance of their work on the committee. Limitations and Weaknesses of Brown’s Qualitative Research Methodology By his own admission, Brown recognized that there are some obvious limitations and weaknesses in the methodology he employed in the qualitative research for his dissertation. Three of these weaknesses, Brown identified as follows: Problems of trust, accuracy in record keeping, and validity of subjects responses. Unless the interviewer is able to scale the wall of distrust erected between him and his subject during the interview, the information gathered from the respondent will be suspect. According to McCracken, lack of trust between interviewer and respondent will restrict the interview to a mere formality. â€Å"The intimacy required for the two parties to move from formal to informal conversational style will be inhibited. †(McCracken,1988). Hence the first objective of an interviewer is to gain the trust of the interviewee. Right from the onset, the interviewer needs to establish a friendly rapport with his subjects even before the interview is scheduled. Brown admitted his lack of familiarity with his subjects, which made some of them to give curt and perfunctory replies to his questions. Secondly, Brown’s inability to import a reliable means of recording his interviews made his transcripts of such interviews less than accurate. The third problem of validity of his subjects’ responses, Brown admits to be his most difficult. There is no easy solution to the issue of whether a respondent is truthful, except perhaps to administer a lie-detector test to each respondent before the interview, as a method of pre screening all participants. Applications of Brown’s Qualitative Research Methodology The research methodology of ‘active interviews’ adopted by Brown in his dissertation generated valuable in formation on the social interactions within an industrial environment. In spite of its limitations and shortcomings, Brown’s qualitative research methodology provides a suitable and reliable template on which further research study can be undertaken to obtain knowledge of the interpersonal relationships within an industrial workplace. By using modern information technological innovations like teleconferencing and remote control recording devices, greater objectivity can be introduced into Brown’s qualitative research methodology. (Harris,1995). Overall, the methodology employed in Maximillian Brown’s dissertation can be validly adopted in qualitative research studies for dissertations and other quality academic publications. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Blackler, F. H. M. , Brown, C. A. (1983), Qualitative Research and Paradigms of Practice, Journal of Management Studies, 20(3), 349-366. 2. Crawford, A. P. (2006). Putting money into research pays: How companies — large and small — benefit from research plans, Public Relations Tactics, 13(8), 20-20 3. Dale, L. (2004). Partnering with management to implement ergonomics in the industrial, Work, 22(2), 117-124. 4. Freeman, Richard B. , and Joel Rogers. 1999. What Workers Want. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. French, Carroll E. 1923. â€Å"The Shop Committee in the United States. † Johns HopkinsUniversity Studies in History and Political Science. 41: 107-207. 5. Harris, L. M. , (1995), Business-to-business comes of age in qualitative research, Marketing News, 29(12), 17-17 6. Hignett, S. , Wilson, R. (2004), The role for qualitative methodology in ergonomics: a case study to explore theoretical issues, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 5(6), 473-493 7. Holstein, James A. , and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications 8. Karami, A. , Rowley, J. , Analoui, F. (2006), Research and Knowledge Building in Management Studies: An Analysis of Methodological Preferences, International Journal of Management, 23(1), 436-52. 9. McCracken, Grant. 1988. The Long Interview. Newbury Park,CA: SAGE Publications. 10. McPhee, N. (2002). Gaining insight on business and organisational behaviour: the qualitative dimension, International Journal of Market Research, 44(1), 53-70. 11. Russell, F. (2000). Dangerous intersections, Marketing News, 34(5), 18-18. 12. Yates, J. (1993), The Opportunity of Qualitative Research, Journal of Business Communication, 30(2), 1999-200 How to cite A Brief Literature Review of Qualitative Research, Essays

Wealth Management Centre and International Relations

Question: Discuss about the Wealth Management Centre and International Relations. Answer: Introduction In case of Singapore, withholding tax is a mechanism that has been used by the government of Singapore to collect income tax from the nonresident corporate who are functioning in the country. In the country, it is the responsibility of the receiver to pay the amount of tax. However, as provided in the law, the payer is responsible to withhold the amount of tax on behalf of the receiver and deposit the same to the government. However, as per the tax authorities of the Singapore, the amount of tax is likely to be withholding only in the case of the nonresident. The payer is not supposed to make any deduction in relation to the payment that is being made to a resident. Thus, it is important to determine the residential status of the corporate well in advance to make any deduction in relation to withholding tax (HussainandManaf 2016). Purpose of Withholding tax Numerous payments are matter to withholding tax. The Section 12 (6) of Singapore Income tax act, it is stated that any amount of interest, commission and technical fees that has been paid to the non-resident by a resident of the country in relation to any loan or indebtedness or under any arrangement is subject to withholding tax. The main source of the income should lie within the country itself, the payer is expected to deduct withholding tax on the amount that has been paid in to the nonresident (Tinget al. 2016). However, if the activities such as loan or indebtedness has been carried out by the nonresident outside Singapore, then in that case, the same will not fall under the purview of section 12 (6). In this case, the payer is expected to deduct withholding tax at the rate of 15% from the amount that has been paid in to the non-resident. As per section 12(7) of Singapore Income tax act states that any payment that has been made in relation to royalty or any other amount that has been paid in relation to acquire right to use a movable asset/property which has been deemed to be sourced in Singapore, will be eligible for withholding tax by the resident. In this case, the payer is expected to deduct withholding tax at the rate of 10% from the amount that has been paid in to the non-resident (BraunerandBaez Moreno 2015). As per section 12 (7) (b) of the Singapore Income tax act, any payment that has been made by the resident in relation to any kind of technical or scientific knowhow which has been sourced in Singapore to the non-resident would be eligible for withholding tax (Dyrenget al. 2015). Application of Withholding tax The section 12(7) (c) of the Singapore Income Tax Act provides that any payments that have been paid for the management or assistance in trade, business and profession is known as management fees. If the source of the management fees is in Singapore and the payments are made to a nonresident then it is mandated that the tax should be withheld. The rules relating to payment to related parties has been clarified in the year 1977 (Gandhiet al. 2016). It is stated that if the payment is made to parties that are related as well as unrelated parties as the management fees then in this case the section 12(7) (c) will not be applicable. For this there are two conditions that must be full filled, the first condition is that the expenditure is made at the arms length, the service is provided outside of Singapore and it was not the intention to avoid tax in Singapore. The withholding tax in this case that is applicable is 17% (Caruana-Galiziaand and Caruana-Galizia 2016). The section 12(7) (d) of the Singapore Income Tax Assessment Act stated that rent or other payments related to the use of movable property is taken to be sourced from Singapore. If the moveable property is of a resident of Singapore or the expense is deductible from the income of a taxpayer of Singapore (Johannesenand Zucman 2014). It is important to make a distinction between the rent that is received from the use of movable property and that of immovable property. The withholding tax is applied on rent received from the movable property but not immovable property. The other expenditure that is subject to withholding tax is of different types. The payments that are made to directors that are nonresidents are subject to withholding tax. The withholding tax rate of 20% is applicable in this case. The payments that have been made for the purchase of real property to a nonresident trader of property are subject to withholding tax (Kwan et al. 2016). The payments that have been made to professionals that are nonresident are subject to withholding tax. This includes coaches, consultants, trainers and others. The payments that have been made to public entertainers that are not residents of Singapore are subject to withholding tax (Foster 2014).The real estate investment trust distribution is subject to withholding tax. The withholding tax is also applicable for the withdrawals by the nonresidents from the supplementary retirement scheme. This application of withholding taxes can be explained with the help of examples. If an entity in Singapore obtains loan from foreign bank and the entity has to pay interest on that loan. In such a situation the withholding tax is required to be deducted at the time of making payment. The organization in Singapore some time pays royalty income then in such case the withholding tax should be deducted. There are few companies that are required to hire consultants then in such case withholding tax are required to be deducted from their income. Consequences of defaulting withholding tax payments If the taxpayer makes a default in making the payment of the withholding tax, then in that case he will be eligible for the penalties that will be imposed on him by virtue of section 45 of the SITA. As per section 45 (1), the amount that has been deducted by the person will be treated as debt to the government. If the person fails to make the payment of the tax amount, then in that case, the tax amount will be recovered from the person in the manner provided in section 89 of the act (Morita 2015). Further, if the payer fails to deduct the amount of withholding tax, then as per section 45 (1), the tax amount will be recovered from him. As per the income tax act, if the person fails to make the payment of the withholding tax to the government, then in that case, he would be liable to pay a penalty equivalent of three times of the amount of tax. In addition to this a fine of not exceeding $10,000 or a n imprisonment of a period not exceeding three years or even both. On the other hand, it is expected from the resident to make a timely payment of the tax amount. If the person fails to make the payment within the due date, he would be eligible for interest which may range maximum to 20% (Nooret al. 2016). Exemptions on withholding tax There are certain payments that if being made in by the resident to the non-resident, no withholding tax will be deducted. Specified software payments: As per the provision of tax laws, the software payments will be covered under the royalty section and thus will be eligible for withholding tax. However, few specified payments are being exempted from withholding taxation (Araki and Claus 2014). These expenses are software related to shrink-wrap, softwaredownloadableby end-users, softwares that are bundled with hardware and the right or use of scientist, industrial, technical knowledge and the digitized goods by the end users. Further, any payment that has been made to the non-resident in relation to satellite of space will be exempt from the purview of withholding tax. Any payment that has been by the non-resident by the resident for the use of international submarine cable capacity, including expenditure for Indefeasible Rights of Use withinFebruary 2003 to February 2013, will be exempt from the concept of withholding tax (Masui 2016). Any payment that has been made apart from the above specified period will be subject to withholding tax at the rate of 15%. As per the tax laws, the person who has deducted the withholding tax on behalf of the nonresident, is required to pay off the amount by 15th of the month after the date on that the payment has been made to the nonresident (Austin 2015). Case Law (ACC v Comptroller of Income Tax [2010] SGHC 316) As per the case law, the SG Co. was a company incorporated in Singapore and has overseas subsidiaries which carry out the business of leasing the aircraft. The amount of rent was fixed and thus in order to protect themselves from the interest rate fluctuations risk the company entered into IRS transactions (Wiedemannand Finke 2015). The SG Co was not deducting any tax on the IRS payments that has been made to the subsidiaries and the receipts that have been made from the bank were not in the tax bracket for the SG Co. in Singapore. The Comptroller did not accept this action of the company and he asked company to pay the withholding tax for the IRS payments. Later on, the high court decided that being the payment that has been made by the company was not in connection with any loan or indebtedness. Thus, there is no requirement of deduction of withholding tax. Critical analysis of the effectiveness of withholding tax Based on the above discussion, the concept of withholding tax has been a revenue generating exercise for the Singapore government. In Singapore, the outflows of overseas transactions are relatively on a higher side. In that case, the withholding tax has been provided a great platform which can be used by the government for collecting tax.In the current scenario, the withholding tax has been the area which has not been taken up seriously by the individuals as well by some of the corporate. In that the government has imposed heavy penalties in this case, as result of which the corporate and individuals operating in Singapore should be aware of the tax law obligation. Being in case of withholding tax, the entire burden falls on the nonresident, he should be very well aware of the legal obligations and the exemptions that would be applicable in this case. At times where the income is not eligible for the withholding tax, the nonresident should be aware about that and should be filling th e tax return to claim refund for the amount that has been deducted in his or her name. All this process has been done with an intention to stream line the tax collection process, reduce the yearend tax burden on the nonresident, and maintain the cash flow position of the nonresident. There are certain opportunities to make improvements in the withholding tax system in order to help nonresident tax payers and making the system more effective.The improvements can be made in the system so to ensure that the Form C is completed accurately. The system should be developed so that proper documentation can be maintained and penalties can be avoided. Further steps can be taken to reduce the tax liability of thoseresident taxpayers that have to pay withholding tax on behalf of the nonresidents in certain circumstances. The information system should be improved so that the taxpayers can have informations about treaties so that they can reduce their tax liability. The above-mentioned improvements if implemented will increase the effectiveness of section 45 of SITA or the withholding tax system. Conclusion Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the withholding tax plays an important role in the economy of Singapore. On criticalevaluation, it can be seen that the system of withholding tax has helped in increasing the revenue of the government. Therefore, it can be concluded that the information relating to withholding tax should be shared to the resident and nonresident taxpayers for proper implementation of the system. 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